Chicago history Essays

Chicago history Essays Chicago history Essay Chicago history Essay Paper Topic: Chinatown The Wing city Chicago When I first visit Chicago two years back, I thought Chicago is Just a city with cold winter and nothing extravagant. So I generally remain in my little solace zoon like Chinatown and just home base with my Chinese companions. Be that as it may, following a month of investigating Chicago, I was absolutely off-base. Chicago is a spot with rich history, culture decent variety and development in business. It is so astounding and current, yet so quiet and delightful. At the point when you give close consideration to your encompassing, you will find the way of life blend is all over the place. The diverse neighborhood has its own conventions, in term of workmanship, music, DOD and religion. However, they were all in some way or another so joined together and shared same sprit of being resident of Chicago. Chicago is not at all like Detroit. It won't fall like Detroit, since Chicago development and assortment of the business were so best in class, it could make change to receive current monetary circumstances. The way of life is so significant in a worldwide city like Chicago. Chicago resembles a case, which stuffed all the diverse ethnic gatherings together. Blending in with the rich history, individuals from around the globe shares all the diverse accept is by all accounts offering to one another and began to liquefy down into one. They call them resident of Chicago. The resident of Chicago has a colossal bit of leeway over others. They dont need to drive hours to discover the food they need and they never stressed over what to eat. Like the majority of the worldwide city, Chicago has enormous assortment of food. The Chinatown gives tremendous assortment of Chinese food and accentuated on the popular cooking style around China. I had visited all cafés over the Chinatown more than two years time. The bona fide of the food is incredible in old town. Notwithstanding, in the new town territory they changed and extemporized on the food with a little American component. In the event that you are the sort individual ho like to appreciate fiery and barbecued food, you should Just began advancing toward the west of the Carmaker. The two recognized neighborhood pipeline and little town gives you delectable real Mexican food. You are required to discover a ton of heavenly taco there. Little Italy is no so distant from Chinatown also, in the event that you are thinking about some great pastas. On the off chance that the entirety of the food above doesn't work for you, you can Just howl a sushi eatery close to you, I can guarantee you it is all over. Be that as it may, in the event that you are searching for valid sushi, at that point you should go to the ere north piece of Chicago. The assortment of the food is Just piece of personality to worldwide city. What add to Chicago as an alpha+ worldwide city is about the advancement of the food. Did you understand the a portion of the café in downtown you see just looks cool? The plan of the sushi eatery resembles a club with all the lighting and present day furniture. Who will think about the sushi will be BBC or chess to be put on sushi? The sushi eatery NUN is making so much development and culture blend that produce a food which so one of a kind that numerous individuals were pulled in to the soak. Also about the Michelin three beginning café Alien, its Just a damnation a ton of notoriety in them. Those advantages of having such assortment and development of If food and expressions are the outflow of the way of life component of worldwide city, Music is then the spirit of the Chicago. Music is wherever in this gifted land and profound established in each area. During the outing to Chinatown, my gathering and I find that the distinctive sort of the music played in the store makes altogether different culture understanding. The delicate and high note music played in the conventional archaize store, where in the new town we were having present day Chinese pop or even American most recent hit. Over the road two component of old and youthful both are articulation of how Chinese deciphering Chicago culture. The delicate and high pitch notes Creates this nearby commitment of Chinese culture and current fly by the youthful and lively individuals was Just demonstrating how the new age of individuals in china town has profoundly associated with this worldwide culture blend. In the event that you keep going west bound of Carmaker, you will enter an entirely unexpected world. Guitar blended in with all efferent sort of high note pipes, in a quick and cheerful pace, you will end up move around store to stores. Language itself can sort of music also. In little town you can envision when the entire region of individuals is communicating in Spanish and you will unexpectedly began welcoming Hole to the passes. At the point when you step into downtown you can feel the presence of the legend sloppy waters inheritance. Individuals are performing and singing Chicago blues at the edge of the road. What has been striking to me throughout this mid year course was the gathering trip to Generically. The conventionally neighborhood is perhaps the most seasoned neighborhood in Chicago and has gained notoriety for insularity or antagonistic vibe toward untouchables. It is situated at 40th road to 47th road between Halsted Street and Wentworth Avenue. It was intensely impacted by the turn of events and decay of the animals and meatpacking businesses. Verifiably, it has been known as an Irish American neighborhood. During the visit to the congregation, teacher and I had the option to have a short discussion with the congregation manager. She informed us regarding how she was fortunate that award acknowledgment by the local when she wedded to the Irish person. In spite of the fact that, this area has kept its convention, the way of life is continually advancing. From no acknowledgment of outside race at town, the resistance has continuously expanded, which is indication of how Chicago has a city has gotten progressively taught and resilience. The economy of Chicago is solid. It has the third biggest gross metropolitan item in the United States, which is around $532 billion. The city has additionally been evaluated as having the most adjusted economy in the United States, because of its significant level of broadening. Chicago is home to in excess of 400 significant corporate base camp. Its assorted variety of he business, from in each part from hazard the board development to assembling to data innovation to wellbeing administrations, made Chicago so adaptable that could adjust major financial emergency. The change of engineering in Chicago has assumed a basic job throughout the entire existence of this city, even the historical backdrop of the United States. The United States Fort Progress Worlds Fair have been celebrated on Chicago banner as stars. Two of these four chronicled occasions are profoundly identified with the design. The collaborations between the city and the past have additionally mirrored the historical backdrop of American engineering style. The Great Chicago Fire didn't obliterate the city yet animated the biggest structure blasts throughout the entire existence of country in nineteenth century. The inborn soul of Chicago installed in the design from the reproduction. Individuals quickly summed up as a feeling of never surrendering. The World Columbian Exposition 1893 in the city has prompted a positive for the migration of unmistakable designers. The Chicago School and the Second Chicago School spoke to current design in America. The developments of Willis Tower, Trump International Hotel and Tower, the Non Center, and the John Hancock Center are the four tallest structures in the city, these milestone structures are built in changing styles in Chicago. The engineering styles in Chicago permitted individuals originating from different societies to locate their own advantages here. Chicago is a sprit. It has the mental fortitude to modify the city from ruin. Chicago is an Idea. From railroad to meat pressing, From private company exchanging to universes 17% of the worldwide subordinates exchanging market. Chicago is about individuals. Ethnic over the worldwide come here to have the equivalent accept. They joined to accomplish better future.

Article -New York Times Essays - Pornography Law,

Article - New York Times The New York Times Hearings End in Online Pornography Case By PAMELA MENDELS PHILADELPHIA - A government online sex entertainment law will either illegally chill free discourse on an assortment of business Web locales or prod the making of reasonable screens among youngsters and locales that exist to sell erotic entertainment. Those were the restricting perspectives communicated Wednesday during the last day of hearings in US District Court here to choose whether the new law, the Child Online Assurance Act, ought to be hindered by a fundamental order. Judge Lowell A. Reed Jr. had requested that the two sides be set up to react to a rundown of 19 questions he had with respect to the case. What's more, in their answers, legal counselors kept on attempting to manufacture their bodies of evidence possibly in support of the law. Ann Beeson, a legal counselor for the American Civil Liberties Union, which is battling the law, said that the rule would require free Web destinations containing certain explicitly express material either to wipe out that substance or hazard pushing watchers away through enlistment or on the other hand age-confirmation instruments. Hence, she stated, the law makes an exceptionally solid money related disincentive to make or distribute work, including that there is a danger of a chilling impact on free discourse. In any case, Justice Department legal counselors, guarding the law, contended that its language is clear enough to apply just to locales that exist to advance sex entertainment. Moreover, said one of the legal advisors, Rupa Bhattacharyya, The First Amendment permits you to talk uninhibitedly; it doesn't really promise you a benefit to talk. The law requires administrators of business Web locales to bar those under 17 years old from any explicitly unequivocal material characterized as destructive to minors. Violators face punishments of as long as a half year in jail and $50,000 in fines. Judge Reed is relied upon to give a choice at some point Monday before the 12 PM lapse of a transitory limiting request that has hindered the law from being upheld. The law was marked last October by President Clinton, however it has never gone live. Because of one of the appointed authority's inquiries, Christopher A. Hansen, another legal counselor for the ACLU, which is testing the law with 16 different gatherings and organizations, showed that the resolution's wording could put in danger a wide range of organizations not occupied with selling sex entertainment. The Justice Department has said that solitary locales that produce material destructive to minors in the ordinary course of business would be dependent upon the law. Be that as it may Hansen contended that this expression could apply to any work created by a Web distributer whether or not it is a typical undertaking for the site. The fact of the matter is huge on the grounds that a considerable lot of the offended parties for the situation are online news tasks, book retailers, craftsmanship displays or different destinations that don't exist to post explicitly unequivocal materials be that as it may, once in a while, might. A display, for instance, could well post a picture of a naked or a news association may have posted the report by the Whitewater autonomous guidance, Kenneth Starr, with its explicitly realistic sections. We trust it [the customary course of business] alludes to a record made as a feature of the business, Hansen said. Karen Y. Stewart, a Justice Department legal advisor, demanded, be that as it may, that the term applied to organizations that routinely produce material hurtful to minors. The character of its business is characterized by interchanges of that sort, she said. The legal advisors additionally differ about various other fine focuses. Hansen, for instance, contended that the law could apply to joins and not simply substance or pictures on Web locales; Bhattacharyya contested this. The appointed authority, whose deliberate tone all through the six days of hearings has double-crossed close to nothing sign of what direction he may be inclining, likewise asked why the words instructive what's more, clinical were precluded from the meaning of unsafe to minors. Under the law, explicitly unequivocal material is viewed as destructive to minors on the off chance that it meets all portions of a three-section test. The third part is that the substance must need logical, abstract, aesthetic, or political incentive for minors. Is explicitly express instructive or clinical data that isn't logical, scholarly, imaginative, or political comparably avoided? Judge Reed wrote in his inquiries to the legal advisors. Hansen said that the oversight is critical, on the grounds that many state unsafe to minors resolutions distinctly incorporate the two additional words. Bhattacharyya demanded, in actuality, that instructive and clinical material would be ensured under the more extensive significance of logical, scholarly, aesthetic, or political substance. The hearings, initially booked to last

The Lost Symbol Epilogue

Robert Langdon arose gradually. Countenances looked down at him. Where am I? After a second, he reviewed where he was. He sat up gradually underneath the Apotheosis. His back felt hardened from lying on the hard catwalk. Where's Katherine? Langdon checked his Mickey Mouse watch. It's nearly time. He pulled himself to his feet, peering warily over the balustrade into the vast space underneath. â€Å"Katherine?† he got out. The word resounded back in the quiet of the abandoned Rotunda. Recovering his tweed coat from the floor, he forgot about it and set it back on. He checked his pockets. The iron key the Architect had given him was no more. Advancing back around the walkway, Langdon set out toward the opening the Architect had indicated them . . . steep metal steps climbing into squeezed obscurity. He started to climb. Ever more elevated he climbed. Steadily the flight of stairs turned out to be progressively restricted and increasingly slanted. Still Langdon pushed on. Only somewhat more remote. The means had become nearly ladderlike now, the section alarmingly choked. At long last, the steps finished, and Langdon ventured up onto a little arrival. Before him was a substantial metal entryway. The iron key was in the lock, and the entryway hung somewhat slightly open. He pushed, and the entryway squeaked open. The air past felt cold. As Langdon ventured over the limit into cloudy dimness, he understood he was currently outside. â€Å"I was simply coming to get you,† Katherine stated, grinning at him. â€Å"It's nearly time.† When Langdon perceived his environmental factors, he drew a surprised breath. He was remaining on a little skywalk that circled the apex of the U.S. State house Dome. Legitimately above him, the bronze Statue of Freedom looked out over the resting capital city. She confronted the east, where the main dark red sprinkles of sunrise had started to paint the skyline. Katherine guided Langdon around the gallery until they were confronting west, impeccably lined up with the National Mall. Out yonder, the outline of the Washington Monument remained in the early-morning light. From this vantage point, the transcending monolith looked much more amazing than it had previously. â€Å"When it was built,† Katherine murmured, â€Å"it was the tallest structure on the whole planet.† Langdon envisioned the old sepia photos of stonemasons on platform, in excess of 500 feet noticeable all around, laying each square by hand, individually. We are developers, he thought. We are makers. Since the very beginning, man had detected there was something extraordinary about himself . . . something else. He had ached for powers he didn't have. He had longed for flying, of recuperating, and of changing his reality inside and out. Also, he had done quite recently that. Today, the holy places to man's achievements embellished the National Mall. The Smithsonian historical centers thrived with our creations, our specialty, our science, and the thoughts of our extraordinary scholars. They told the historical backdrop of man as creatorâ€from the stone apparatuses in the Native American History Museum to the planes and rockets in the National Air and Space Museum. On the off chance that our progenitors could see us today, clearly they would think us divine beings. As Langdon looked through the predawn fog at the rambling geometry of exhibition halls and landmarks before him, his eyes came back to the Washington Monument. He imagined the solitary Bible in the covered foundation and thought of how the Word of God was actually the expression of man. He pondered the extraordinary circumpunct, and how it had been inserted in the round square underneath the landmark at the intersection of America. Langdon thought unexpectedly about the little stone box Peter had depended to him. The 3D square, he currently acknowledged, had unhinged and opened to shape the equivalent precise geometrical formâ€a cross with a circumpunct at its inside. Langdon needed to snicker. Indeed, even that little box was alluding to this intersection. â€Å"Robert, look!† Katherine highlighted the highest point of the landmark. Langdon lifted his look yet observed nothing. At that point, gazing all the more eagerly, he saw it. Over the Mall, a little spot of brilliant daylight was flashing off the most noteworthy hint of the transcending monolith. The sparkling pinpoint developed rapidly more brilliant, progressively brilliant, shining on the capstone's aluminum top. Langdon watched in wonder as the light changed into a reference point that floated over the shadowed city. He envisioned the small etching on the east-bound side of the aluminum tip and acknowledged surprisingly that the primary beam of daylight to hit the country's capital, each and every day, did as such by lighting up two words: Laus Deo. â€Å"Robert,† Katherine murmured. â€Å"Nobody ever gets the opportunity to come up here at dawn. This is the thing that Peter needed us to witness.† Langdon could feel his heartbeat stimulating as the shine on the landmark strengthened. â€Å"He said he accepts this is the reason the progenitors manufactured the landmark so tall. I don't have a clue whether that is valid, however I do realize thisâ€there's an old law proclaiming that nothing taller can be worked in our capital city. Ever.† The light crawled more distant down the capstone as the sun crawled into the great beyond behind them. As Langdon watched, he could nearly detect, surrounding him, the heavenly circles following their everlasting circles through the void of room. He thought of the Great Architect of the Universe and how Peter had said explicitly that the fortune he needed to show Langdon could be disclosed distinctly by the Architect. Langdon had expected this implied Warren Bellamy. Wrong Architect. As the beams of daylight fortified, the brilliant shine inundated the total of the thirty-300 pound capstone. The brain of man . . . getting edification. The light at that point started creeping down the landmark, beginning a similar plummet it played out each morning. Paradise advancing toward earth . . . God associating with man. This procedure, Langdon acknowledged, would turn around come evening. The sun would plunge in the west, and the light would climb again from earth back to paradise . . . getting ready for another day. Next to him, Katherine shuddered and crept nearer. Langdon put his arm around her. As both of them stood one next to the other peacefully, Langdon considered all he had adapted today around evening time. He thought of Katherine's conviction that everything was going to change. He thought of Peter's confidence that a time of illumination was inevitable. Furthermore, he thought of the expressions of an incredible prophet who had strikingly proclaimed: Nothing is shrouded that won't be made known; nothing is mystery that won't become visible. As the sun rose over Washington, Langdon looked to the sky, where the remainder of the evening time stars were becoming dim. He pondered science, about confidence, about man. He pondered how every culture, in each nation, in without fail, had constantly shared a certain something. We as a whole had the Creator. We utilized various names, various appearances, and changed supplications, however God was the widespread consistent for man. God was the image we as a whole shared . . . the image of the considerable number of secrets of life that we were unable to comprehend. The people of yore had lauded God as an image of our boundless human potential, yet that antiquated image had been lost after some time. As of recently. At that time, remaining on the Capitol, with the glow of the sun gushing down surrounding him, Robert Langdon felt an incredible upwelling profound inside himself. It was a feeling he had never felt this significantly in all his years. Expectation.

Factors Influencing Strategy Implementation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3949 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The aim of this module is to produce a 4000 word research proposal that would be capable for supporting the preparation of a Masterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dissertation. The project report would include an introduction including a title, which would highlight the content of this business document providing a background, informing the reader of the problem / issue at hand and the context of the situation that would be discussed. The research issue would be provided highlighting the importance of the issue in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ever-changing and competitive, cut-throat business environment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Factors Influencing Strategy Implementation" essay for you Create order Adequate linkages would be provided to co-relate the research aims, research objectives, research questions and the hypothesis as such generated. A coherent and critical literature review would follow demonstrating the knowledge of the literature available and linking it to the situation which would be investigated. A research design and methodology would be adopted to investigate the concerned issue providing a rationale as to how the research objectives are to be accomplished explaining the selection of the research paradigm. The research design would include the methods of data capture, the data access issues, the analysis and the interpretation means that would be used to assess the situation and appropriate reasons would be provided for the choice of research tools used. Relevant ethical issues underpinning the research objectives would also be discussed along-with the resources required to complete the research proposal. The last part of this management report would include a timetable that would provide the time that it took to complete each part of the research proposal along-with a list of references utilized to complete the report. INTRODUCTION TITLE: FACTORS INFLUENCING STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION BACKGROUND The title of this research proposal is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“factors influencing strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Before we discuss the issue and highlight the importance of the issue in the context of the report it is of prime importance to understand the concept of strategy implementation itself. It is the process by which the business strategy formulated is put into action. It includes the design and management of organizational systems to achieve the best integration of people and structure, allocating resources, managing human resources and developing information and decision processes to achieve organizational objectives. Pierce and Robinson  note that to effectively direct and control the use of the firms resources, mechanisms such as organizational structure, information systems, leadership styles, assignment of key managers, budgeting, rewards, and control systems are essential strategy implementation ingredients. After the creative and analytical aspects of the corporate strategy have been formulated the priority of the management is to convert the strategy into operationally effective action. A strategy is never complete, until it gains a commitment of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources and becomes embodied in its organizational structure. Strategy implementation is an iterative process of implementing strategies, policies, programs and action plans that allows a firm to utilize its resources to take advantage of opportunities in the competitive environment (Harrington, 2006). There is no one definition of strategy implementation as seen from the above citations but for the purpose of this report, taking into consideration the definitions above we can define strategy implementation as an iterative, dynamic and a complex process, which comprises of series of decisions and activities by the management and the administration those affected by many interrelated internal and external factors, to turn strategic plans into reality in order to achieve the objectives of the firm. RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY This part of the report would highlight the aim and the objectives of the research, discussing the issue chosen and its importance by proposing a research question and providing an answer to it in the literature review. Many studies have acknowledged that business strategies often fail not because of inadequate strategy formulation, but because of an inappropriate implementation strategy. This report would study the factors that enable or impede effective strategy implementation. This report would highlight how strategy implementation has been researched so far and how this field may be moved forward so as to help in effective execution of a business strategy. As a result of the literature review undertaken, the report has found nine critical factors for strategy implementation that will be discussed further in the literature. Formulation of an effective strategy, making the strategy work and implementing it throughout the company is a difficult task (Hrebiniak, 2006). Many factors potentially affect the process by which strategic plans are turned into organizational action. Unlike strategy formulation, strategy implementation is more of a craft, rather than a science. After successful formulation of the business strategy, difficulties usually arise during the subsequent implementation process. If the business strategy formulated is not applied correctly to all the aspects of the organisational structure the business model would fail, thus harming the organisation in many aspects, the major being the financial capability of the firm, which would take a huge blow. It is of prime importance to get the implementation right otherwise there would be huge losses for the firm. Noble (1999b) notes, the best-formulated strategies may fail to produce superior performance for the firm if they are not successfully implemented. This issue is of utmost importance in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s day and age because of the cut-throat competition in the ever-changing business world where each firm needs to keep re-modelling their policies and procedures to keep up with the change in the external and internal business environment. There are combination of issues that influence the success of strategy implementation, ranging from the people who communicate or implement the strategy to the systems or mechanisms in place for co-ordination and control. How can we better understand these issues and their importance for successful strategy implementation? In this report we try to respond to this question by the critical analysis of the existing research on the factors that influence strategy implementation. An analysis has been conducted of the most widely used literature databases to identify key factors influencing the process of strategy implementation, to surface current areas of agreement and disagreement on the topic. LITERATURE REVIEW In the following section, the report would review the study sources and assess their research context, theoretical bases, their main results and the research methods used as well as the analytical techniques which are employed for the study. The examined organizational levels and organizational types are the two elements of the research context. The core of the literature review, would concentrate on the nine factors identified through rigorous analysis of the study sources, that play a role in influencing strategy implementation success, as well as the frameworks or models that aggregate or relate the relevant factors to each other. This is followed by the discussion of the theoretical bases of the reviewed studies. Finally, the research methods and analytical techniques adopted will be reviewed to see which methods are still underutilized in the context of strategy implementation. By carrying out a literature review of the existing studies, the report found two types of strategy implementation studies: one that highlight the importance of the individual factors for strategy implementation and the second that emphasize the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“big pictureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ of how the single factors interrelate and form a strategic implementation environment. The research would highlight nine recurring, individual factors that influence strategy implementation. They are namely the strategy formulation process, the strategy executors (managers, employees), the organizational structure, the communication activities, the level of commitment for the strategy, the consensus regarding the strategy, the relationships among different units/departments and different strategy levels, the employed implementation tactics, and the administrative system in place. THE NINE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE STARTEGY IMPLEMENTATION 1. Strategy Formulation If the corporate strategy drafted by the business is a poor or a vague strategy, then it can limit the implementation efforts dramatically. Good execution cannot overcome the shortcomings of a bad strategy or a poor strategic planning effort (Hrebiniak, 2006). Several studies mention the fact that the kind of strategy that is developed (Alexander, 1985; Allio, 2005) and the actual process of strategy formulation, namely, how a strategy is developed (KimMauborgne, 1993; Singh, 1998) will influence the effect of implementation. Alexander (1985) believes that the need to start with a formulated strategy that involves a good idea or concept is the most crucial and critical factor which helps promoting its successful implementation. As Allio notes, good implementation naturally starts with good strategic input: the soup is only as good as the ingredients (Allio, 2005). 2. Relationships among different departments and different strategy levels Many studies in the concerned field have stressed that the institutional relationships among different units/departments and different strategy levels play a major role in the outcome of strategy implementation (Walker Ruekert, 1987; Gupta, 1987; Slater Olson, 2001; Chimhanzi, 2004; Chimhanzi Morgan, 2005). Walker Ruekert note that marketing policies, inter-functional structures and processes, corporate-business unit relationships and processes are a major influence on business strategy implementation. In addition, allocation of resources, functional competencies, inter-functional conflict, decision-making participation and influence, and coordination also have different effects on the implementation of various kinds of business strategies. Implementation effectiveness is negatively affected by conflict and positively affected by interpersonal communication and not written. Such interdepartmental dynamics are affected by senior management support informal integration and joint re ward systems. Other relationships that have received attention to a lesser extent include finance, manufacturing, engineering, quality, marketing, accounting, and sales. 3. Executors Executors comprise the top management, middle management, lower management and non-management. Effectiveness of strategy implementation is, at least in part, affected by the quality of people involved in the process (Govindarajan, 1989). The quality refers to the capabilities, experience, skills, attitudes, and other characteristics of people required by a specific position (Peng Litteljohn, 2001). Findings indicate that strategy implementation effectiveness, critically depends on the human or people side of project management, and less on organization and systems related factors. Top management refers to the senior-level leaders including presidents, owners, and other high ranking executives (CEO, CFO, COO etc.) and senior-level managers. Hrebiniak and Snow (1982) report that the level of interaction and participation among the top management team typically leads to greater commitment to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals and strategies. This, in turn ensures the successful implementation of the strategy. Gupta and Govindarajan (1984) note that greater the marketing and sales experience of middle managers, the greater would be their willingness to take risk and successfully implement the strategy. Heracleous (2000) also finds that if middle management do not agree with the strategy, or do not feel that they have the skill set to implement it, then they would sabotage its implementation. Middle managers expect the direction from the top management but frequently feel that they are in a better position to start and evaluate alternative courses of action. Also, the lack of shared knowledge with lower-level management and non-management employees would create a barrier to successful strategy implementation. 4. Communication Many researchers have emphasized the importance of adequate communication channels for the process of strategy implementation. Alexander (1985) notes that communication is mentioned more frequently than any other single item that promotes successful strategy implementation. Communication includes explaining what new responsibilities, tasks, and duties need to be performed by the employees in order to implement the strategy. It answers the why behind the changed job activities, and explains the reasons why the new strategic decision was made. Rapert and Wren (1998) find that organizations where employees have easy access to management through open and supportive communication channels outperform those with more restrictive communication environments. Effective communication is a fundamental requirement for any effective strategy implementation. Organizational communication plays an important role in training, knowledge acquisition and applied learning during the process of implementation. In fact, communication is vital in every aspect of strategy implementation, as it relates in to the organizational context, organizing processes and the implementation objectives. 5. Implementation Tactics Nutt (1986) stipulates four types of implementation tactics used by managers in making planned changes: intervention, participation, persuasion, and edict. Intervention refers to strategy adjustments made during the implementation stage by introducing new practices and norms. Participation includes formulating strategic goals and nominating a task force that can develop and propose the corresponding implementation options. Persuasion is the tactic which uses involved parties to convince the employees about the desired course of actions. The issuing of directives is the main focus of the implementation tactic edict. Lehner (2004) considers the implementation tactics as genuine organizational behaviour based on the assumption that implementation in general is dependent on the environment, and various strategic and corporate variables. 6. Consensus Nielsen (1983) notes that firms must achieve consensus both within and outside their organization in order to successfully implement business strategies. The consensus about a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy may differ across the operation channels within the company. If the employees of the company are not on the same information level or if information passes through many layers in the organization, a lower level of consensus would result. This lack of shared understanding may create obstacles to successful strategy implementation.(Noble, 1999b). Floyd and Wooldridge (1992a) label the gulf between strategies conceived by top management and awareness at lower levels as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“implementation gapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Strategic consensus is the agreement between the top, middle, and lower-level managers on the fundamental policies of the organization. Strategic decisions are initiated by a team of top managers and then mandated to the rest of the organization, overlooking the importance of securing consensus with and commitment to the organizational strategy with the lower level employees, which is a big barrier for effective strategy implementation. 7. Commitment Strategy implementation process may fail if the strategy does not achieve support and commitment by the majority of employees and the middle management. Shared understanding without commitment would result in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"counter effortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and may negatively affect the organisational performance. The understanding between middle management and those at the operational level to that of the top management teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategic goals is of prime importance to successful implementation. Noble Mokwa (1999) have put forward three dimensions of commitment that are central factors which directly influence strategic outcomes: organizational commitment, strategy commitment and role commitment. Organizational commitment is the extent to which a manager identifies with and works toward organization-related goals and values. Strategy commitment is the extent to which a manager comprehends and supports the goals and objectives of an implementation strategy. Role commi tment is the extent to which a manager is determined to perform his individual implementation responsibilities, regardless of his personal beliefs about the overall strategy. 8. Organisational Structure The type of strategy adopted could differ in many ways and have different requirements regarding an adequate organizational structure. Factors relating to the organizational structure are the second most important implementation barrier according to Heide GrÃÆ' ¸nhaug Johannessenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2002) study. Drazin and Howard (1984) stipulate that a proper alignment of the strategy with the organisational structure is an important pre-requisite for successful implementation of a corporate business strategy (Noble, 1999b). They note that changes in the competitive environment require adjustments to the organizational structure. If an organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s realignment strategies are lacking, it may exhibit poor performance and be at a major competitive disadvantage. 9. Administrative Systems Roth, Schweiger Morrison (1991) study suggests that organisational business units make use of three administrative mechanisms which are formalization, integrating mechanisms, and centralization, to create operational capabilities of configuration, managerial philosophy and coordination, to support business strategy implementation. Some researchers have also focused on the control systems which are one of important ingredients of administrative systems (Drazin Howard, 1984; Nilsson Rapp, 1999). Drazin and Howard (1984) discuss about the role of formal control system in the process of strategy implementation, and suggest that the fluidity of control system contribute to strategy implementation (Noble, 1999b). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This part of the project report would focus on the research design and methodology adopted to carry out the research of the issue chosen which is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the factors influencing strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The following literature would highlight the components of the research paradigm chosen to accomplish the study. This section of the project report would provide a detailed rationale on how the study would achieve the research objective put forth in the title. This part would explain the methods of data capture used and the issues which would arise in gathering the required information along with the analysis and the interpretation techniques employed to achieve the research aim. Limitations would be included in the following report to make the reader aware of the shortcomings of the chosen methodology; the relevant ethical issues would also be discussed in the proposed research design along-with the resources required to complete the proposed research. The choice for the research methodology adopted is in congruence with the strategic issue chosen for the research proposal. The selection criteria to choose articles for inclusion in the research analysis: The articles which contain the keywords à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy executionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? have been included in the literature .From this; further articles were identified using the references sections of the previously retrieved articles. In this way, the report also includes the articles which treat strategy implementation as one of the major subjects even if their title or keywords did not include the terms strategy implementation or strategy execution. As a final selection criterion it was checked whether the articles explicitly discuss factors impeding or enabling strategy implementation success. Data Collection Secondary Sources In order to identify the factors that enable or impede effective strategy implementation, the report has analysed relevant academic, peer reviewed journals such as the Strategic Management Journal, the Academy of Management Journal, the Journal of Management Studies, Long Range Planning, Journal of Management, Academy of Management Executive, Human Relations, Sloan Management Review, Journal of Marketing, etc. using the literature databases of EBSCO Host, ProQuest ABI, Science Direct, JSTOR and Wiley Interscience. Information has also been sourced from Google Scholar and books, newspapers, trade journals, industry portals, government agencies, trade associations, monitoring industry news and developments. The research data would be collected in different organisations or units of an organisation. The organisations were mainly professional service organisations, from both public and private sector. For example, finance, insurance and telecommunications companies, and government departments would be included. The size of the units under study would be 100 to 500 employees. The study would be qualitative in nature, main research method being semi-structured interviews. Primary Sources and Sampling In each organisation or unit, representatives would form three groups, namely the top management, middle management, and lower level personnel, would be interviewed using the questionnaire provided below. Altogether twenty-five interviewees per organisation would be randomly chosen: 2-5 persons representing the top management level, 4-13 persons the middle management level, and 8-17 persons from the lower level personnel. The interviewees would be chosen randomly, ensuring however that different tasks, work groups, and departments were represented equitably. The general topic of the interviews would be strategy implementation. During the interviews, the interviewees would fill out questionnaires, in which they would evaluate the various problem statements. The questionnaire has been given below: Q1. How do you define the concept of strategy implementation? Q2. What kind of issues would you associate strategy implementation with? Q3. How do you participate in the strategy implementation process? Q4. How are the policies pertaining to strategy implementation communicated within the different levels of the organization? Q5. Describe your own role in the process of strategy implementation. Q6. Evaluate the degree of the strategy implementation problems in your organisation. Data Access Issues Some data access issues might arise in the research journey, which could be the unwillingness of the employees to participate in the planned interviews hampering the information gathering capabilities of the subsequent research report along-with lack of co-operation from concerned companies which might not give permission to carry out interviews with its employees fearing a possible leak of its corporate strategy to its competitors. Also finances required for the successful completion of the information gathering process might not be adequate. Data Analysis The results of the questionnaires would be assessed, as well as the comments of the interviewees for the statements would be analysed. The main data analysis method employed would be content analysis of the interviews. The transcribed interviews would be coded accordingly to the central issues of the research. The analysis method would include historical trend analysis and linear regression analysis using software tools, judgmental forecasting, and conjoint analysis. Limitations of the Research Design The approach in conducting the literature review has shortcomings which should be acknowledged. The following are the limitations in the methodology adopted. Collection of articles has been carried out by relying on the databases of EBSCO Host, Science Direct, JSTOR, Wiley Inter Science and ProQuest ABI and the report thus may have overlooked some critical viewpoints on strategy implementation included in monographs or specialists books. Some selective articles in the review, however, rely heavily on concepts from advanced books on corporate strategy thus making up for the shortcoming to a certain extent. The articles have been located using the keywords à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy implementationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategy executionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This procedure of gathering articles may omit some important articles. The report also excludes some very specific strategy implementation contexts, such as post-merger integration implementation. The research has discovered that most of the conducted studies in the subject focus on the influence of middle managers on strategy implementation. There is no special research relating to lower management and non-management, even if several authors have stated that it is important to consider their effects on strategy implementation as well. Another major research challenge incudes, a lack of understanding between the relationships among the nine reviewed factors, for example, there are major disagreements about the relationship between the variables of communication, commitment and consensus which the report fails to highlight. Also a limiting factor is that there are very few studies that systematically examine how different organizational units and strategy levels can influence strategy implementation, which the report has not included. Strategy implementation involves many theories including agency theory, social learning theory, expectancy theory, organization theory and social system theory. Because of the limited word count it was not feasible to include such theories in the text presented which is also a shortcoming. The lists of journal articles selected are not comprehensive enough, as many other issues could potentially affect strategy implementation. Such other factors, however, are less mentioned or not analysed in-depth, as many of them are also hard to control and modify. Research Ethics For research to be carried out successfully there are many ethical issues that need to be taken into consideration. It is very important to secure the permission and interests of all the people involved in the study. The people involved would be given assurance that any information obtained during the interview process would not be misused as this is the moral responsibility which would be maintained towards the participants. It is the duty of this research to protect the rights of the participants of the study as well as their privacy and sensitivity. The confidentiality of those involved in the observation would be maintained at all times, keeping their anonymity and privacy secure. Resources required for effective research The resources required to carry out the proposed research would require the support and co-operation of the supervisor in charge so as to provide guidance for submitting an effective research analysis report. Also would require permission from the industries chosen for the study of the research issue and the co-operation of its employees for conducting interviews. Adequate financial support would also be required to assist in the completion of the proposed research analysis report to cover the cost of commuting and resultant transportation fares. TIMETABLE TASK SELECTION OF INDUSTRIES FOR RESEARCH FOCUS DAYS 1-5 6-10 10-15 16-20 21-25 25-30 LITERATURE REVIEW/ CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA INTERVIEWING PROCESS INDEPTH STUDY OF VARIOUS SOURCES ASSESSING RESOURCE FOR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK COLLECTION OF SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONALE FOR STUDY FINALLY FORMULATED RESEAERCH PROPOSAL

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS and African Americans...

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and African-Americans Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a condition that many people still are trying to figure out why it happens to these babies. This syndrome is described as an unexplained death of an infant younger than one year of age. SIDS is frightening because it can strike without warning and affect a good, healthy infant. Most SIDS deaths occur at night and without warning. SIDS victims may have been down for sleep for as little as ten minutes, they show signs of struggle or suffering. Although SIDS is commonly associated with an infants sleep time, and often occurs in the crib. This event is not limited to the crib and may occur anywhere the infant is sleeping, deaths have occurred in†¦show more content†¦This is particularly true in an unexplained saddened death. Babies are not supposed to die before their parents. Because the death of an infant is a disruption of the natural order, it is traumatic for parents, family, and friends. Not having a plausible cause of death, the suddenness of the tragedy, and the involvement of the legal system make a SIDS death especially difficult, leaving a great sense of loss and a need for understanding. References to SIDS exist throughout recorded medical history, the use of the term SIDS was adopted by an international work group in 1969. The National SIDS Act of 1974 recognized SIDS as a significant public health issue in the United States. Government funding for research and for the establishment of information became available and various counseling programs in was established in all 50 states since that Act. Infants vulnerable to SIDS likely have developmental abnormalities in heart and respiratory rate control. 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This paper provides a overview of its description, public health importance, magnitude, impact, ability to prevent it withRead MoreInfant Health And Human Services1694 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States, the Department of Health and Human Services works tirelessly in order to improve the conditions for newborn infants. Their goal is to provide essential human services, as well as protect the health for all Americans. Spec ifically, the area of infant health focuses on the period of rapid development from birth to one year age. The factors that contribute to infant health is not only attributed to the child, but also extends to the health of the mother and their family support system asRead MoreInfant Mortality And Birth Mortality1394 Words   |  6 PagesMcKenzie and Pinger define infant mortality as death prior to 1 year of age. It is expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births. Leading causes of infant mortality are: congenital malformation, preterm/low birth weight, complications during pregnancy and accidents. In the last 100 years there have been decreases in infant mortality due to economic growth, sanitation improvement, developed medical care and enhanced nutrition. (McKenzie Pinger, 2017). Infant mortality rates vary amid ethnicRead MoreEssay on Low Birth Weight927 Words   |  4 PagesLow Birth Weight Low birth weight (LBW) is a term used to describe infants that are born under 2, 500 grams, or less than five pounds eight ounces. This is a disorder that plagues certain races, age groups, and the poor. Seven percent of all infants who are born in the United States are born too small and eleven percent are born too soon ( Behrman). There are many risk factors that put a mother at risk of having a low birth weight baby, as there are many complications early and later

Women Should Be A Breastfeeding Essay - 1524 Words

In today s society it is a big debate as to whether women should invest in breastfeeding or not. Some researchers say bottle feeding is the way to go for convenience and time. They also say it does not have as many negative effects on an infant as some think. Some researchers disagree and think it is essential that infants are getting human milk for at least the first six months of life. It comes down ultimately to the woman s choice. However, women should invest in breastfeeding because there are positive short and long-term effects for the baby, as well as maternal benefits. So what are some of the short-term effects associated with breastfeeding an infant? Well, there are many. Breastfed infants are known to have fewer cases of ear infections, gastrointestinal infections, urinary infections, and more. Infant mortality rates have also been seen to significantly decrease when infants are breastfed. In the article, A New Look at Care in Pregnancy: Simple, Effective Interventions for Neglected Populations Hodgins et al. (2016) claimed, They calculated that neonates not exclusively breastfed have almost 4 times higher risk of infection-related mortality than exclusively breastfed neonates (pooled OR 3.81, 95%CI: 2.19-6.64) (p.1). This could be because they are getting all of the essential nutrients from the mother’s breast milk, whereas formula feeding does not contain all of the essential nutrients. It is important that infants get these essential nutrients in theirShow MoreRelatedBreastfeeding And Long Term Benefits Of Breastfeeding Essay1526 Wor ds   |  7 PagesAudience The audience intended for this paper are mothers that have a desire to breastfeed, employers, clinicians, breastfeeding advocacy groups and federal and state legislators involved in policy change. Aim The immediate and long-term benefits of breastfeeding have been demonstrated. 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Many of these mothers say they feel unwelcomed, uncomfortableRead MoreBreastfeeding : A Controversial Issue1279 Words   |  6 Pages Breastfeeding has been a very controversial subject for many people over the years. Some mothers are very passionate about breastfeeding; while there are just as many mothers who are very persistent about the fact that breastfeeding is just not for them. However, an even bigger issue that has been on the front lines regarding those who have made the decision to breastfeed; whether a mother should be free to nurse their children wherever they choose or be forced to nurse their children in private

Perspective on Working In Partnership With Families †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Perspective on Working In Partnership With Families. Answer: Introduction Early childhood care and education have a profound impact on the long-term development, educational outcomes and well-being in the life spans of children across Australia. The quality of a childhood program is determined by the relationship between the educators and the parents or family in educating and caring for the young children. It must be recognized that families are the most influential teachers that children encounter in their lives and thus play a pivotal role in shaping the future of their lives. It takes a village to raise a child.(Anderson Johnson 1994, p.6). This legendary African proverb that means that to raise children, it takes more than loving parents, the community as a whole must be committed to their well-being. To provide high-quality education and care, it is essential to have positive partnerships between the childhood educators and families, working together for mutual good and benefit of the children. Partnerships entail establishing of community where everyone including children with developmental delay or with a disability can make a valuable contribution and have a sense of belonging. There are different types of family setups which good working partnerships need to be developed and nurtured by the early childhood educators (Reichow, Boyd, Barton Odom, 2016, p.12). Collaborative partnerships This involves communication and cooperation between family members and educators working together with a common goal. Collaborative partnerships are important for various reasons; respect for the family makes the childs identity stronger while enhancing their learning and giving them a sense of belonging, families bring more insights that offer a better understanding of the child as well as their community and culture (Baker Manfredi-Petitt, 2004, p.2). Each and every family may be unique in its own different ways making it difficult to form partnerships but will have common attributes. They must nurtured in an environment that is: There must be mutual trust and honesty among the stakeholders There must exist respectful free communication with each other Partners must be involved in shared decision-making Roles and responsibilities of each must clearly be defined Value of each others knowledge and experience of each child Must be willing to negotiate and compromise Tension and conflict resolution must be one of the commitments Practices that establish and strengthen collaborative partnerships Procedures, policies and day to day practices must be geared towards giving priority to partnerships with families; and create a sense of respect and welcoming at the first point of interaction with the family and let them know how keen you are to know the needs and wants of their child. Make sure that during enrollment and orientation procedures, communication about partnerships takes a center stage and offer various ways for families to contribute and get involved in the service while reflecting on the ways to foster partnerships (Porter, 2008,p.12). Conclusion When caring and respectful relationship are established with families and children by educators, they work, develop curriculum, learning experiences that are relevant to the childrens local context. This in turn gradually expands the understanding and knowledge of the world by the children. The partnerships must have a shared aims or goalswhat is best for the child. References Anderson, H., Johnson, S. B. W. (1994).Regarding children: A new respect for childhood and families. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=Hz5T4H6GoXACprintsec=frontcoverdq=Regading+children:+A+new+respect+for+childhood+and+%09familieshl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjy-u750e3WAhUJerwKHQQlDy4Q6AEIJjAA#v=onepageq=Regarding%20children%3A %20A%20new%20respect%20for%20childhood%20and%20%09familiesf=false Baker, A. C., Manfredi-Petitt, L. (2004). Relationships, the heart of quality care.Washington,DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Retrieved from https://store.naeyc.org/sites/store/files/TOC/156.pdf In Reichow, B., In Boyd, B. A., In Barton, E. E., In Odom, S. L. (2016).Handbook of earlychildhood special education. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.ke/books/about/Handbook_of_Early_Childhood_Special_Educ.html?id=heR6DAAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoversource=kp_read_buttonredir_esc=y#v =onepageqf=false Early Childhood Intervention Australia Code of Ethics. Available at https://www.ecia.org.au/information.htm